Ripal kiranbhai Vaishnav, Sudeshna Banerjee, Jeenath Justin Doss. K.
Jamnagar Road, Rajkot - 360006.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: vaishnavripal2097@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Occupational radiation exposure is a major concern for cardiac catheterization laboratory workers. Radiation has no minimum safety threshold and its adverse effects occur in a linear, dose-dependent risk. The trend towards more minimally invasive procedures in the past few decades has resulted in an exponential growth in fluoroscopy-guided catheter-based cardiology procedures. As these techniques are becoming more commonly used and developed, the adverse effects of radiation exposure to the patient, operator, and ancillary staff have been a subject of concern. Staff education and training, radiation dose monitoring, ensuring use of proper personal protective equipment, employment of shields, and various procedural techniques in minimizing radiation must always be diligently employed. Radiation exposure in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) is an occupational hazard that predisposes health care workers to the development of adverse health effects such as cataracts, cancer, infertility and many more.
KEYWORDS: Effectiveness, Self-Instructional Module, Radiation, Side-Effects.
INTRODUCTION:
-Linus Pauling
Radiation safety is the concern of all health care providers who perform procedures associated with radiation imaging, whether for diagnostic purposes or therapeutic procedures. Appropriately, there has been increasing public and societal interest in limiting patient radiation. Likewise, laboratory personnel are at risk for radiation compounded by long procedures and multiyear careers using radiation procedures. over the years, there have been various equipment modifications. The initial focus was to improve image quality by increasing radiation intensity. However, there is now a greater focus on limiting patient exposure in the setting of often prolonged procedures, such as complex multi vessel and chronic total occlusion (CTO) revascularization procedures. X-ray systems are able to provide excellent image quality with lower X- ray exposure. However, despite these improvements, radiation remains a risk for procedure personnel. Unfortunately, the focus on the complexity and intensity of the procedure itself often overshadows attention to personal optimal "self-radiation" protection. The following article not only describes these risks but also, importantly, enumerates the specific operator and personnel approaches to minimize radiation risk. A review of these preventive strategies is important to re-emphasize the personnel opportunities and responsibilities for radiation protection. Finally, the authors describe some of the evolving opportunities to more dramatically reduce radiation exposure. This article is an excellent refocus on an important issue for the interventional community1.
Health workers exposed to ionizing radiation account for + 50% of workers exposed to man-made radiation in France. Over the last decade, the use of radiation in medicine has increased due to the introduction of new practices.
The annual effective dose limit in medicine is ≤50mSv, and the 5-year cumulative dose limit is ≤100mSv, while the annual mean exposure of nurses is 0.22mSv in Korea. Although medical radiation is classified as low-dose, there are no standards regarding the lowest harmful dose in humans, and so even a low dose can have negative effects on the body. There are two sides to radiation; while it can be useful when handled appropriately, negligent or careless handling of radiation can cause negative effects of exposure for not only the handler, but also patients and caregivers. Depending on the level of exposure, it can even cause severe impairment, including cataracts, skin erythema, hair loss, infertility, cancer, and genetic disease. For this reason, it is crucial to pay attention to interventions to minimize health problems due to exposure during radiation work. Out of the 1,848 studies examined, 41 studies that were performed on 11,050 HCWs were included in the final stage. The results indicated that in most studies, more than half (50%) of the participants had average knowledge. Furthermore, 60% of the participants had a positive attitude, but in most studies, they had average practice regarding radiation protection.2
The dose distributions of radiation workers are used to determine the minimum level of exposure in the medical field according to ALARA principles. In the university hospital, approximately 100 occupational radiation workers were monitored. The percentage distribution is as follows: general radiography (54%), CT (6%), catheterization laboratory (11%), Endoscopic department (12%), Radiotherapy (12%), and Nuclear medicine (5%) shows the number of radiation workers monitored (male and female) in all occupational categories of medical departments and their position during 2009-2010.3
1. To assess the knowledge of nurses regarding the side effects of radiation.
2. To assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
3. To find out the association between selected demographic variables and Pre- test level of knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses.
4. To find out the association between selected demographic variables and post-test level of knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses.
H1: There will be significant improvement in level of knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
H01: There will be No significant association improvement in level of knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
H2: There will be significant association between the demographic variables and pre- test level of knowledge of side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
H02: There will be No significant association between the demographic variables and pre-test level of knowledge of side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath- lab.
H3: There will be significant association between the demographic variables and post- test level of knowledge of side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
H03: There will be No significant association between the demographic variables and post-test level of knowledge of side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
DELIMITATION:
· The study is delimited to nurses other than who work in cath-lab.
· The study is delimited to nurses who are not working in selected hospital of Ahmedabad.
· The study in delimited to 30 samples.
Quantitative research approach
Pre experimental one group Pre-test Post-test research design.
Independent variable:
Self instructional module on knowledge regarding side effects of radiation.
Dependent variable:
Knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among staff nurse working in cath-lab.
Setting:
The place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.The study was conducted in CIMS hospital of Ahmedabad.
Accessible population:
Nurses working in cath-lab.
Target population:
Nurses working in cath-lab in CIMS hospital of Ahmedabad.
In this study, the sample size was decided to be 30 staff nurses who are working in cath-laboratory in CIMS HOSPITAL, Ahmedabad.
The research study was conducted by purposive sampling technique.
Criteria for Sample Selection:
Inclusion criteria for sample selection:
· Nurses working in cath-lab.
· Nurses who were on duty at the time of study.
· Nurses who were willing to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria for sampling:
· Nurses who were not available at the time of study.
· Nurses who were not willing to participate.
· Nurses who were not working in cathlab.
Description of Tool:
The tool comprises of two sections:
Section- A: Demographic Proforma.
Contains demographic variables which include the characteristics of the nurses such as age, gender, educational qualification, total years of experience, previous knowledge, source of information, any side effect of radiation. Staff nurses took 5 minutes to fill the Performa.
Section-B: Knowledge questionnaire:
Tool to assess knowledge of nurses, contains knowledge questionnaire which include 4 questions from introduction of radiation, 5 questions from area of radiation, 10 questions related to side effects of radiation, 8 questions related to prevention of radiation and 3 questions related t treatment of radiation. Scoring should provide on the bases of good, average and poor. Staff nurses took 20 minutes to fill the Performa.
Scoring should be on the bases of scale like good score for 20 to 30 points, average score for 10 to 19 and poor score for 0 to 9.
Data Analysis Techniques:
· Organize the collected data, ensuring accuracy and consistency.
· Perform appropriate statistical tests (e.g., t-test, chi-squate test) to compare pre and post intervention measurement.
· Analyze the data using statistical software to determine the significance of any observed differences.
· collected data has been analysed by descriptive statisctics such as mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentage.
· Interpret the result and draw conclusion based on the findings.
· The data would be presented in the form of table and diagrams.
Major study findings include:
1. Majority 21(70%) of sample’s age between 25 to 35 years, 20% are from 36 to 46 years and rest 10% are 47 to 56 years.
2. Majority 73.33% sample were female and 26.66% sample were male.
3. Majority 24(80%) of samples completed B.Sc. Nursing
4. Majority of samples (93.33%) have previous knowledge of side effects of radiation.
5. Majority 60% of samples have 1 to 10 years of experience.
6. Majority of samples 70% were married
7. 100% of samples were have full time employment.
With the regards to the Majority 73.33% samples have average knowledge regarding side effects of radiation, 26.66% samples have poor knowledge regarding side effects of radiation in pre-test.
With the regards to the effectiveness of self-instructional module, 56.66% samples have average knowledge regarding side effects of radiation, 43.33% samples have good knowledge regarding side effects of radiation.
The analysis revealed that the maximum obtained score of Post- test (27) is higher than Pretest (19) which show that Cath-lab staff nurses have improvement in their knowledge.
The analysis revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score (18.03) of staff nurses was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (12.23) with a mean difference of 5.8. the obtained mean difference was found to be statistically significant as evident from ‘t’ value of 6.90 for df (29) at 0.001 level of significance. The data also showed that the standard deviation of post-test (4.95) was higher than pre-test (3.67).
With regards to the association between Pretest level of knowledge and demographic variable such as age, gender, educational qualification, previous knowledge, marital status has obtained chi-square value below the level of table value at the level of 0.05. So it is inferred that there is no significant association between demographic variables and regarding side effects of radiation.
With regards to the association between Post-test level of knowledge and demographic variable such as age, gender, educational qualification, previous knowledge, marital status has obtained chi-square value below the level of table value at the level of 0.05. So it is inferred that there is no significant association between demographic variables and regarding side effects of radiation.
The present study was to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab in selected hospitals of Ahmedabad.
The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding side effects of radiation among nurses working in Cath-lab.
A Quantitative research approach: Pre experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was chosen for the study. The samples were selected for the study by adopting Purposive sampling technique. The sample selected for the present study was decided to be 30.
The tool was used to collect the data which consist of 2 parts.
Part 1: Consist of demographic variables of staff Nurse.
Part 2: Consist knowledge questionnaire regarding side effects of radiation.
The content of tool was checked and evaluated by 5 experts were specialized in medical surgical nursing.
The data collected were analyzed through descriptive (mean, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (independent ‘t’ test and chi square) to test the hypothesis.
The present study was done successfully by the researcher. The result assessment of knowledge on side effects of radiation was shows 20% sample were having poor knowledge, 76.66% have average knowledge and only 3.33% have good knowledge in pre-test evaluation. After providing self-instructional module in post test result shows 56.66% samples were having average knowledge and 43.33% were having good knowledge.
1. Gautam Kumar, Radiation Safety for the Interventional Cardiologist, American College of Cardiology, 4 Jan 2016.
2. Actors affecting radiation protection behaviors among emergency room nurses. National Library of Medicine. Int J Environ Res. 18 June 2021,
3. M.H. Nassef. Journal of Taibah University for Science. Volume 11, 6 November 2017.
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Received on 08.07.2025 Revised on 02.08.2025 Accepted on 22.08.2025 Published on 03.11.2025 Available online from November 15, 2025 A and V Pub Int. J. of Nursing and Med. Res. 2025; 4(4):205-208. DOI: 10.52711/ijnmr.2025.38 ©A and V Publications All right reserved
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